Portugal Colonial - South Asia monsoon risks both floods and drought: experts

The Hindu Kush-Himalayan range, which stretches from Afghanistan to Myanmar, holds the largest reserves of ice and snow outside the Arctic and Antarctica and feeds at least 10 major Asian river systems that underpin water, food and energy security across the continent.

"The outlook points to a drier monsoon overall, but that does not mean lower risk," said Manish Shrestha, a hydrologist at the Kathmandu‑based International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD).

"Short, intense rainfall events can still trigger serious hazards."

Long, dry spells followed by extreme rainfall events, ICIMOD warned, raised the risk of floods and landslides.

Deadly weather-related disasters are common during the monsoon season from June to September but experts say climate change, coupled with urbanisation, is increasing their frequency and severity.

The summer monsoon, which brings South Asia 70-80 percent of its annual rainfall, is vital for agriculture and therefore the livelihoods of millions of farmers and food security in a region home to around two billion people.

Lower levels of snow in the mountains -- or "snow persistance", the time that snow remains on the ground -- meant the region was starting with a "weaker seasonal water buffer", said Sher Muhammad from ICIMOD.

"Warmer temperatures, combined with reduced rainfall, could limit the recharge of rivers, springs and other water systems," he said.

Experts said stronger early warning systems were needed.

"Drought and flood risks can no longer be managed separately," said Arun Bhakta Shrestha, a senior adviser at ICIMOD said in a statement.

"Early warning systems, short-term forecasts, and locally driven preparedness need to work together to address increasingly complex hazards."

Melting glaciers can also add to the volume of water, while unregulated construction in flood-prone areas exacerbates the damage.

T.Resende--PC