Portugal Colonial - Key facts about Chinese-founded fast-fashion giant Shein

Here's what you need to know about the clothing giant, which has faced allegations of labour and environmental abuses as well as regulatory scrutiny abroad.

- Breadth and speed -

Shein's main competitive advantage lies in its ability to offer a staggering variety of items on its platform -- backed up by hyper-efficient product development and supply chains.

Customers love the firm's massive catalogue of ultra-cheap items, from $8 sundresses to $2 bracelets, at a time when inflation has shrunk purchasing power around the world.

The firm moved its headquarters to Singapore between 2021 and 2022 -- a move analysts say was intended to avoid increasing global scrutiny of Chinese firms.

But it still benefits from China's unique combination of a huge low-cost textile manufacturing sector and a highly sophisticated e-commerce logistics network.

The company ranks suppliers by their flexibility and ability to deliver urgent orders, and regularly eliminates the poorest performers, according to a 2021 Zhongtai Securities report.

At the same time, it tracks users' search data and social media trends to generate designs with a high likelihood of attracting demand -- often appearing to simply copy from other brands.

Shein has been accused repeatedly of intellectual property infringement, disclosing in July that it was facing more than 40 related lawsuits.

- TikTok power -

The rapid growth achieved by Shein was driven in large part by success in marketing its products on social media -- particularly on short video app TikTok.

As internet usage worldwide peaked during the pandemic, the firm cultivated a strategy that saw it enlist small-time video bloggers and ordinary social media users to represent the brand in exchange for free products and cash.

It quickly built a loyal following of customers in the United States and elsewhere, with many participating in a trend of posting videos of their "Shein haul" of new clothes online.

But that strategy has also bred controversy, with a sponsored factory tour for a group of Western influencers in 2023 sparking a strong backlash for glossing over alleged labour violations.

Today, Shein's challenges are compounded by increasingly tough competition from rival low-cost e-commerce giant Temu.

- Labour, safety concerns -

Like other fast-fashion giants including H&M and Zara, Shein has faced allegations of underpaying and overworking textile workers at its factories.

The firm has also been accused of obscuring its production processes from the public eye.

In 2024, the European Union added Shein to its list of digital companies that are big enough to be subject to stricter safety curbs.

Another hurdle arose in February of this year, when the European Commission launched an investigation into the firm's compliance with the Digital Services Act.

Areas assessed by the probe include the firm's systems for preventing the sale of illegal products, risks associated with its "addictive design" and the transparency of its content recommendations, the Commission said.

- Overconsumption fears -

Others say the company's super-cheap products and frenzied online marketing encourage a culture of overconsumption to the detriment of the environment.

A ranking last year by US-Canadian campaign group Stand Earth placed Shein tied for last place on a list of over 40 major fashion brands in terms of their environmental practices.

In the boldest move yet globally to curb the rise of fast fashion, France is set to impose per-item fees on Shein, Temu and other platforms deemed by the legislation to engage in "ultra-fast fashion".

The tsunami of parcels generated by low-cost e-commerce giants has also been dealt a fresh blow by the scrapping of US tax exemptions for individual shipments valued less than $800.

Shein says it conducts regular third-party audits to ensure fair wages, and it says its on-demand model avoids overproduction and thus "dramatically reduces waste".

A.Santos--PC