Portugal Colonial - Walkouts on global disarmament treaties

Since the United Nations was created 80 years ago there have been just five formal withdrawals from such multilateral treaties, but three of those -- all by Russia -- have come since 2021, according to an AFP analysis of the UN disarmament office registry.

Lithuania's controversial move comes at a time of heightened tensions in international relations over its neighbour Russia's invasion of Ukraine, with several countries criticising disarmament treaties.

Here is a summary of some key arms treaties and which countries have abandoned them.

- Cluster munitions -

Before Lithuania's move planned on Thursday, no country had pulled out of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, nor from the other four humanitarian disarmament treaties.

Cluster munitions can be dropped from planes or fired from artillery, exploding in mid-air and scattering bomblets over a wide area -- effectively acting as landmines that can go off years later.

Lithuania had signed and ratified the Convention on Cluster Munitions in 2011, committing to eliminate the weapons from its arsenal, and ceasing to produce or sell them.

But on September 6, 2024, it officially announced its withdrawal, citing "the evolving regional security dynamics and geopolitical threats".

The current security environment, it said, "necessitates maintaining a full spectrum of defensive tools, including cluster munitions, to ensure national security and protect our citizens".

Neither Russia nor Ukraine, which use cluster munitions in the war that began in 2022, are among the 111 remaining parties to this treaty.

The United States, Iran, Israel, and the two Koreas are not signatories either.

- Russia and US -

In November 2023, a year into its war with Ukraine, Russia raised global alarm with two major walkouts from international treaties.

It revoked its ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty and the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, which limits the deployment of troops and equipment from the Atlantic to the Urals.

Moscow had already in 2021 quit the Open Skies treaty, which allows states to conduct planned observation flights over the territory of other countries.

The United States had also left that treaty in 2020 during the first term of President Donald Trump.

- Bilateral accords -

Among other withdrawals from bilateral accords, the United States in 2002 left the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, prompting the end of that agreement with Russia.

In 2019, the two powers also withdrew from the landmark 1987 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces treaty which limited the use of medium-range missiles, both conventional and nuclear.

The last remaining strategic arms control agreement between Russia and the United States -- the New START Treaty -- is set to expire in February 2026.

Without any renewal there will be no nuclear arms control structure in place between the former Cold War rivals for the first time since 1972.

- North Korea -

North Korea declared its withdrawal from the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons in 2003, but it is still listed as an official signatory.

Pyongyang did not comply with the three-month notice period required in the text, so its announcement was not considered an official withdrawal.

V.Fontes--PC