Portugal Colonial - Immigration, identity shape election in French-speaking Quebec

A French-speaking bastion in mostly English-speaking North America, Quebec has long defended tooth and nail the language of Moliere. It's a fight taken up by the governing party since coming to power four years ago, the conservative Coalition Avenir Quebec (CAQ) -- but with an added focus on immigration.

Incumbent Quebec Premier Francois Legault made his views clear at the outset of the campaign: unchecked immigration by non-French speakers risks undermining social cohesion in the province.

It would be "a bit suicidal" to take in more newcomers given the decline of French, Legault -- whose party is leading in the polls ahead of Monday's provincial election -- argued again this week.

During a debate, his immigration minister, Jean Boulet, went further -- and provoked an uproar -- with the baseless claim that "80 percent of immigrants do not work, do not speak French or do not adhere to the values of Quebec society."

His comments are also glaringly at odds with the economic reality in the province of nearly 8.5 million inhabitants facing a severe labor shortage -- one that could be remedied through increased immigration.

With an ageing population retiring en masse and an unemployment rate at a historic low, Quebec is looking to fill more than 250,000 jobs. And the government anticipates that number will keep rising -- reaching some 1.4 million by 2030.

If reelected, Legault, a 65-year-old multi-millionaire businessman, plans to keep annual immigration capped at 50,000 people.

But some observers, like the sociologist Jean-Pierre Corbeil, are ringing alarm bells over the growing political conversation in Quebec linking language and immigration.

"We tend to put all the responsibility (for the decline of French) on the backs of immigrants," he told AFP. "And that's where it's dangerous, there is a discourse of exclusion that is taking shape."

"I find that it is extremely, I would almost say, unhealthy," echoed linguistics expert Richard Marcoux. "We will really have to resume the discussion after the elections to be able to address immigration issues in a different way."

- Is Quebec French in decline? -

Although views diverge on the question of immigration, all major parties vying for seats in Quebec's national assembly agree on the need to preserve the French language.

"We are in a critical situation. There is a real linguistic emergency in Quebec," said Paul St-Pierre Plamondon, leader of the separatist Parti Quebecois.

Such fears are based on the latest census data which found that the proportion of the population that speaks French most often at home has been on the decline in Quebec since 2001, falling from 81.1 percent to 77.5 percent last year.

But the sociologist Corbeil, who is also the former head of the government's data collection on linguistic trends, disputes the suggestion the situation is "catastrophic."

He says institutions are relying on an overly "simplistic" definition of a French-speaker -- including only those who use it as their main language at home.

"Shouldn't the objective be to discuss the state of French?" he asks, pointing to the many citizens with diverse backgrounds who are fluent in French -- although it may not be their mother tongue.

Marcoux agrees that such "multilingualism" is not being sufficiently taken into consideration in Quebec.

"When we speak about indicators based on the mother tongue, for me, that does not take into account the vitality and use of French by the population," explains Marcoux, who heads the Francophone Demographic and Statistical Observatory (ODSEF).

"English is progressing here as everywhere else on the planet, whether in Italy, Poland, Romania or France," he noted.

"But at the same time, native languages are not disappearing."

M.Carneiro--PC