Portugal Colonial - From Colombia's jungle to the world's fish tanks

The septuagenarian has dedicated half a century to the ornamental fish business in Inirida, the capital of the eastern region of Guainia, which borders Venezuela and Brazil.

It is a thriving trade that critics see as cruel and harmful to nature, though environmentalists also recognize it brings benefits, such as encouraging habitat conservation and offering an alternative to harmful activities like illegal logging and mining.

Rojas keeps fish in ponds covered by nets to protect them from predatory birds before they are flown to Bogota for export to the United States, Asia and Europe.

He buys the Altum Angelfish (Pterophyllum altum) -- which is only found in the region and is prized by collectors for its long fins and striking vertical stripes -- for the equivalent of $2 each.

Once in the United States, they can sell for $70 or even more.

"So much beauty packed into such a small body," Rojas said as he examined his next shipment containing hundreds of angelfish.

Around him fish swam in circles in plastic bags.

His assistants enriched the water inside with oxygen from a cylinder in preparation for the flight of just over an hour to the capital.

- Sustainability concerns -

In the local Indigenous language, Guainia means "Land of many waters."

According to the National Aquaculture and Fisheries Authority, the region is home to 60 percent of the 521 species authorized for sale in Colombia, where the world's biggest biodiversity conference got underway this week.

Around 526 tons of fish were exported in 2023, generating revenues of about six million dollars, the regulator said.

Inirida is cut off from Colombia's national road network and accessible only by plane or a long boat ride.

Its isolation makes revenues from ornamental fish a key pillar of the economy, Oscar Javier Parra, director of the local environmental authority, told AFP.

While South America's booming aquarium trade brings much-needed income for thousands of people, sustainability is an issue, according to the World Wildlife Fund (WWF).

"For ornamental fish, the sheer volume of exports is raising concerns that the trade might not be sustainable for fish populations. And history shows that over-exploitation is a likely scenario," it warned.

But "under the right circumstances, sustainable ornamental fisheries can improve forest conservation and alleviate poverty of local communities," the WWF said.

To try to protect fish populations, authorities ban fishing in Guainia for seven weeks a year, usually between early April and June.

For some species such as the angelfish, the ban begins several weeks earlier.

"It's a regulated business with very good practices," Parra said.

The state also ensures that species considered vulnerable, such as the piranha and the enormous and colorful peacock bass, are not fished from the dark, mineral-rich waters of the Inirida River and its tributaries.

"Seeing an animal lose its freedom for someone's enjoyment and pleasure" is an affront to animal rights activists, Parra admitted.

However, fishing using small nets is a low-impact source of income in a region where rampant illegal gold mining means huge quantities of mercury are dumped into rivers every year, he said.

Banning ornamental fisheries "would be worse" for the environment, Parra said.

S.Caetano--PC