Portugal Colonial - The race to save the Amazon's bushy-bearded monkeys

Never before had he seen one of the striking creatures emerge from the forest.

The monkey, a Groves' Titi, listed as "critically endangered" by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), had ventured far from its fast-shrinking home on a hill in a small patch of forest next to Schlindwein's house.

Deforestation was eating away at its limited domain, and the monkey was trying to find an escape route for its family.

The encounter inspired Schlindwein to launch a reforestation drive to open a corridor for the monkeys to swing tree-by-tree back into the rainforest.

"This little creature is endangered. We need to do something to preserve it," said Schlindwein, a 62-year-old small-scale farmer in Sinop municipality, located within Brazil's central Mato Grosso state.

With the help of NGOs like the Ecotono Institute and the Movement of People Affected by Dams (MAR), Schlindwein and his neighbors last year planted seeds of 47 native tree species on a deforested hectare (2.5 acres) of his land.

Within five to seven years, they hope the new growth will have tripled the available space for this particular monkey family, made up of four adults and an infant.

"Saving them is a daily task," said Schlindwein of his cheeky charges.

- 'Nowhere to go' -

Known locally as zogue-zogue and by scientists as Plecturocebus grovesi, the house cat-sized Groves' Titi is found only in Mato Grosso state, and there are just a few thousand of them left.

It was listed as one of the world's 25 most endangered primates in the 2022/3 "Primates in Peril" report of the IUCN and other environmental groups.

A 2019 study cited in the report said the zogue-zogue had lost 42 percent of its forest habitat, a figure that could reach 86 percent in a quarter-century if nothing is done to halt its destruction.

"When offspring are born and need to migrate to continue the reproductive cycle, they have nowhere to go," Gustavo Rodrigues Canale, a primatologist at the Federal University of Mato Grosso, told AFP.

"Human action leaves them trapped in small forest fragments," he said.

Schlindwein's family of monkeys is curtailed to a patch of land the size of a polo field, in a region with the ignominious title "Arc of deforestation" for having the highest rate of Amazon forest destruction.

Farmers clearing land for soybeans and other crops are chiefly blamed for the forest's fate.

The "Primates in Peril" report suggested forest loss could be mitigated by the creation of reserves "and the replacement of large areas of chemical-dependent monocultures of commodity crops by more sustainable models of land use, such as agroforests and agroecological food production."

- 'Monkeys cannot cross' -

Deforestation is not the only threat to Schlindwein's monkey family.

Locals say one side of the animals' territory has been cut off by flooding from a nearby hydroelectric plant run by a company partly owned by French energy giant EDF.

"Here, there used to be a stream with trees, but the Sinop Hydroelectric Plant (UHE)... created a large lagoon that the monkeys cannot cross," says Anthony Luiz, spokesman for MAR, next to a body of water about 300 meters (984 feet) across.

Environmentalists also accuse the company of leaving felled trees to rot in the river, killing the fish.

In the dry season, the rotting wood is exposed, feeding forest fires that hurt and displace monkeys and other animals.

Sinop Energia, which operates Sinop UHE, told AFP the plant meets "all legal and environmental requirements."

It added that it "maintains permanent monitoring of water quality, aquatic and terrestrial fauna, and vegetation regeneration in the area" and had also launched a monitoring program for threatened primates, as required by law.

P.Cavaco--PC